Included angle is the combination of which two alignment angles?

The included angle refers to the angle formed between the steering axis inclination (SAI) and the vertical. Specifically, the included angle is the sum of the SAI and the camber angle. This relationship is important because it affects the vehicle's wheel alignment and handling characteristics.

SAI is the angle created by the steering axis in relation to the vertical axis of the vehicle when viewed from the front. It plays a role in how the wheels behave during turning and contributes to the vehicle’s self-centering ability and stability. Meanwhile, camber is the tilt of the wheels in relation to vertical, which can influence tire wear and handling performance as well.

In the context of alignment angles, understanding the included angle helps technicians assess and correct steering and suspension issues, ensuring the vehicle handles correctly and the tires wear evenly.